in 1880 s

in 1880 s
Clearing of mountain forest to plant coffee

Tuesday, March 6, 2012



ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J..............(72)
,uh.rlNfhgd;

""kUj;Jt kidfs; ntWk; Xl;ilf; FbirfNs''

MSdu; fpufup gjtp tpyfpr; nrd;w NghJk; mtu; Vw;gLj;jptpl;Lr; nrd;w kUj;Jt Njitfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; rpy Vw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; njhlu;e;Jk; ru;r;ir ,Ue;J nfhz;Nljhd; ,Ue;jJ. Jiukhu; rq;fk;> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhur; Nritapid Kw;wpYk; murhq;fk; jdJ ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjidAk;> mjpy; jiyaPL nra;tjidAk; tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdNt MSeu; Nru;. N[k;]; Nyhq;ld; fhyj;jpYk; thf;Fthjk; ePbj;jJ.
Nkw;gb kUj;Jtj; Njitfs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk;  NghJkhd kUj;Jtu;fs; fpilf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; cs;Shupy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jt cjtpahsu;fis (cz;tr;t* M*QPbQpr;^ mz;z;bz;tr;ztz; cMm) epakpf;f KbAk; vd njuptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,j;jifa kUj;Jt cjtpahsu;fs; njhlu;gpy; Njhl;l Jiukhu;  kj;jpapy; ve;jtpjkhd ey;ygpg;gpuhaKk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,J  njhlu;gpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; rq;ff; $l;lnkhd;wpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; mjd; jiytuhf nraw;gl;l N[.vy;.\hz;l; Nkw;gb kUj;Jt cjtpahsu;fis kUj;Jtj;Jiwf;Nf rhgf;NfL vd;Wk; xd;Wf;Fk; cjthj kl;bfs; vd;Wk; tu;zpj;jhu;.

N[. vy;.\hz;l; njuptpj;jjd; gb Jiukhu;fNs njhopyhsu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; mtu;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rhjp Kiwfs;> mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w Neha; nehbfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; vd;gd njhlu;gpy; ed;F mwpe;jtu;fs;. Mjyhy; Gjpjhf tUk; kUj;Jtu;fNsh> my;yJ kUj;Jt cjtpahsu;fNsh njhopyhsu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis mjpfupg;ghu;fNsad;wp Fiwf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. mjdhy; Jiukhu;fs; kPJ murhq;fk; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;L ,e;j kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu tplaj;ij mtu;fsplNk tpl;LtplNtz;Lk;. jkJ njhopyhsu;fis vt;thW ed;whff; ftdpj;Jg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fSf;fpy;yhj mf;fiw NtW ahUf;Fk; ,Uf;f KbahJ vd mtu; $wpdhu;.

mtu; NkYk; njuptpj;jjhtJ> jw;NghJ epytp tUfpd;w epiyik kpfTk; NkhrkhdjhFk;. Gjpjhf te;jpUf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fSk;> kUj;Jt cjtpahsu;fSk; njhopyhsu;fis kpfTk; gaKWj;Jfpd;wdu;. kUj;Jt kidfSf;Fg; Nghtjw;Nfh ,tu;fsplk; kUj;Jtk; ghu;g;gjw;Nfh njhopyhsu;fs; kpfTk; gag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; jkf;F Neha; te;jhYk; mjidf; fhl;bf;nfhs;shky; kiwg;gjdhy; gpd;du; Neha; Kw;wp ,wf;f NeupLfpd;wJ.
,g;Nghnjy;yhk; Neha; Kw;wpa epiyapy; njhopyhspia RUl;b glq;Fr; rhf;fpy; fl;b ,uz;L njhopyhspfs; mtu;fis J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; kUj;Jtkidf;F fuL Kulhd kiyg; ghijfspy; J}f;fpr; nry;fpwhu;fs;. kUj;Jtkidapy; ntWk; vYk;Gf;$Lk; nfhQ;rk; rijfs; kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. murhq;fj;jpd; J}u Nehf;fpy;yhj ,j;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLgtu;fSk;> gypnfhLf;fg;gLgtu;fshfTk; njhopyhsu;fshfNt cs;sdu; vd;Wk; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

 ,j;jifa xU Fog;gkhd Rfhjhu kUj;Jt epiyik fhzg;gl;l NghJjhd; gpujk kUj;Jt mjpfhupahd <Z}. nfhf;`py; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; njhlu;ghd Rfhjhu> kUj;Jt Nritapy; NghJkhd kUj;Jtu;fs; fhzg;glhikahy; ngUe;njhifapyhd njhopyhsu;fs; vJtpj kUj;Jt ftdpg;Gkpd;wp khz;L Nghfpd;wdu; vd;W murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jpdhu;. kUj;Jt mjpfhupfNsh> cjtpahsu;fNsh ,y;yhikahy; vt;tsT Ngu; ,we;J NghAs;sdu; vd;W nfhf;`py; xU mwpf;ifnahd;W jahupj;jpUe;jhu;. me;j mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; itj;jparhiyapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;L ,we;JNghd nkhj;j Nehahsu; njhifahd 2>646 Ngu;fspy;  1554 Ngu;  ve;jtpjkhd kUj;Jtf; ftdpg;Gk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,we;Js;sdu; vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;bapUe;jhu;.
,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;W tprhupj;Jg; ghu;j;j NghJ ,j;jifa Nehahsu;fs; njhlu;gpy; jk; ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gltpy;iy vd;W kUj;Jtu;fshy; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;snjd mtu; $wpdhu;. mNj rkak; Njhl;lJiukhu;fshy; jdf;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l ,wg;G kw;Wk; gpwg;G njhlu;ghd khjhe;j mwpf;iffs; ek;gfj; jd;ik tha;e;jd my;y vd;Wk; mtu; jdJ mwpf;ifapy; njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;.

kWGwj;jpy; Nkw;gb kUj;Jt Njitfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l kUj;Jt kidf; fl;blq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;litfs; kUj;Jtkidfs; vd;W miof;Fk; msTf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; mit Xl;ilAk;>  cilrYk; nfhz;l ve;jtpjkhd trjpfSk; ,y;yhj Xiyf;Fbirfs; vd;Wk; ,it nta;apy; fhw;W> kio> Fspu; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;ff; $bad my;yntd;Wk; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J njhlu;gpy;  gy kUj;Jtu;fs; jk;kplk; Kiwapl;Ls;sdu; vd;Wk; nfhf;`py; njuptpj;jhu;. 1879 Mk; Mz;L khj;jis fpof;F gpuNjrj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j kUj;Jtkidf;Fg; nghWg;ghd kUj;Jt mjpfhupahd ,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j <Z}.N[.Mu;. td;lu; {`td; (qr;zQP*Z}lzpjp*z) mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb ,j;jifa kUj;Jtkidfs; 15 mbf;F 15 mb tp];jPuzk; nfhz;l %d;W miwfisf; nfhz;bUe;jd vd;Wk; Xl;il tpOe;j njd;id Xiyf; $iufs; kio nga;jhy; xOfj;jf;fd vd;gJld; ,Ul;lhfTk; FspuhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; njuptpj;Js;shu;. mDkjpf;fg;gLk; Nehahsu;fs; ,utpy; ,Ul;by; mku;e;J nfhz;Lk; eLq;fpf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;Wk; FspNu mtu;fSf;F kuzj;ijf; nfhz;L te;J tpLk; vd;Wk; $wpAs;shu;.

(njhlUk;...)


ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J... (73)

 ,uh. rlNfhgd;

uhkrhkpaplKk; fUg;gdplKk;
fUj;Jf; Nfl;lhy;....!

gy;NtW FoWgbfs; thjg;gpujpthjq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Nkw;gb kUj;Jtj; Njitfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpid kPsha;T nra;J jpUj;jpaikg;gjw;F  KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mnjw;nfd 5 mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;l kPsha;Tf; FO xd;Wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f; FOTf;F rptpy; Nrit mjpfhupfshd vg;.gp.nlk;g;su; (C.f.$*l;zP^*Z}) rp.N[.Mu;.yP nkR+upau; (,.x.fP./c M*z;jZ}b*Z}) MfpNahu; jiytuhfTk; nrayhsuhfTk;  epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Nkw;gb fl;lisr; rl;lk; njhlu;gpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; rq;fKk; kw;Wk; gyUk; jj;jkJ fz;ldj;ij 1876> 1877 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; njuptpj;jpUe;jijj; njhlu;e;J mg;Nghija rptpy; kUj;Jt mjpfhupahff; flikahw;wpa <Z}. nfhf;`py; kPsha;T nra;J fUj;J ntspapl;bUe;jjid ,e;j fkpl;b kPz;Lk; xU Kiw kPl;Lg; ghu;j;jJ.

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kWGwj;jpy; ,jw;nfd cupa njhopy; El;g nghwpKiw ,y;yhjpUe;jJld; Kw;wpYk; jd;dhu;tj; njhz;L Nritapy; jq;fpapUe;jikAkhFk;. njhopyhspiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;  mtu;fSk; $l jk; yaf; FbapUg;Gfis tpl;L ePz;l J}uj;jpy;> mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j kUj;JtkidfSf;Fg; Nghf tpUk;gtpy;iy. Mjyhy; mtu;fs; $Lkhdtiu jk; Nehia kiwf;fg; gofpapUe;jdu;. ,tw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpje;Jiuia Nkw;gb fkpl;b rpghu;R nra;jJ.

1. Nfhg;gp khtl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; kUj;Jt khtl;lq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. ,t;tpj khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpd; %ykhf FO xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. xt;nthU khtl;lKk;  xU njhz;L epWtdj;Jf;F fPNoh my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Ff; fPNoh nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa epiyikapy; murhq;fk; Mff; Fiwe;j Nritf; fl;lzq;fisNa mwtpl Ntz;Lk;.

,j;jifa epiyapy; ,J njhlu;gpy; rl;lrigapy; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;j mg;Nghija MSdu; Nru; N[k;]; Nyhq;ld;> "Nkw;gb kUj;Jt Njitfs; rl;lk; ngUk;ghYk; vjpu;g;igNa rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kPsha;Tf; fkpl;bapd; Kd; rhl;rpakspj;j 65 Ngu;fspy; 30 Ngu;fs; ,jpy; jkf;F mt;tsthfj; jpUg;jpapy;iy vd;Wk;> NkYk; 35 Ngu; mjd; mKy;gLj;Jjypy; jkf;Ff; nfhQ;rKk; jpUg;jpapy;iy vd;Wk; njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. mj;Jld; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsupd; kUj;Jt Nritia Kw;whf murhq;fk; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; nghJthd fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; gpufhuk; ,e;j kUj;Jt Nrit Kw;wpYk; RNar;rh Nritahf cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mjw;fhd rfy trjpfs;> njhopy; El;gj; Njitfs;> cs;sff; fl;likg;G> Vida nghwpKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk;' vd;Wk; Nyhq;ld; jd; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

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,j;jpl;lj;jpid murhq;fNk mKy;gLj;jpajd;  fhuzkhf Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; ,jpy; jq;fSf;Fg; gq;fpy;iynad jl;bf; fopj;jJld; Mu;tKk; mf;fiwAk; nfhs;shjpUe;jdu;. kWGwj;jpy; murhq;fk; KOg;nghWg;igAk; RNtr;rh mbg;gilapy; kUj;Jtkid epu;thfj;ij Kw;wpYk; fkpl;bfsplNk xg;gilj;jJld; mtw;wpd; nrayhw;Wifia kjpgPL nra;jYld; Njitahdhy; khj;jpuNk jiyaPL nra;jy; vd;w nfhs;ifia filg;gpbj;jJ.

,j;jifa epiyapy; ,j;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd rl;l%yk; njhlu;ghd tpthjk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghJ toikNghy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpdu;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyapLk; mjpfhuk; rk;ge;jkhd Vw;ghl;bid mbg;gilahf itj;J jkJ vjpu;g;gpidj; njuptpj;jdu;. ,t; tpthjj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;l Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fisAk;> Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lj; njhopy; JiwiaAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa rl;l rig cWg;gpduhd Mu;.gp.nlsNdhy; (fP.M.<zpjPzr;^^) gpd;tUkhW jdJiuapy; njuptpj;jhu;.

"jkf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jt Nrit njhlu;gpy; uhkrhkpaplKk; fUg;gdplKk; fUj;Jf;Nfl;lhy; mtu;fs; vd;d nrhy;thu;fs;. ,e;jj;jpl;lk; Jiukhu;fspd; RfNghfj;Jf;fd;wp jkf;fhdjy;y vd;Wjhd; nrhy;thu;fs;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xU kUj;Jtupd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; ngUe;njhifahd kf;fisg; guhkupf;Fk; nghWg;G xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa epiyapy; xU kUj;Jtu; fle;j gj;J khjq;fshf tpLKiwapy; NghAs;shu;. mg;gbahdhy; mtupd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; cs;stu;fspd; fjp vd;dthFk;? ,g;NghJ nkhj;jk; 360>000 Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; Njhl;lq;fspy; trpf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; 110>000 Kjy; 120>000 Ngu;fs; kl;LNk ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Vidatu;fis vd;d nra;tJ vd;W mtu; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhu;.

(njhlUk;...)


ngUe;Njhl;l  tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J 74

,uh. rlNfhgd;

&gh.1.50 rjk; tup fl;lhtpl;lhy; 6 ehl;fs; tPjpfspy; Ntiy nra;a gzpg;G

150 rjk; tup fl;lhtpl;lhy; 6 ehl;fs; tPjpfspy; Ntiy nra;a gzpg;G
$ypj; njhopyhsu;fspd; kuzq;fs; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhjgb mjpfupj;jijj; njhlu;e;J FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F  gy Gfhu;fs; te;J Nru;e;jd. MSdu; Nyhq;ld; ,J njhlu;gpy; gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;ba epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhu;.

,j;jifa epiyapy; rl;l rig $baNghJ mg;NghJ jkpou; rhu;gpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpa nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; ( gpd;du; ,tu; Nru; gl;lk; toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;) ,J njhlu;gpy; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhu;. mtu; jdJiuapy; gpd;tUkhW njuptpj;jhu;>

jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; nkhj;jk; 39 Nfhg;gpg; gapu; nra;Ak; khtl;lq;fs; cs;sd.  ,tw;wpy; 1357 Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Njhl;lq;fspy; vy;yhkhf 2>75>000 Kjy; 3>00>000 njhopyhsu;fs; trpf;fpwhu;fs;. kWGwk; ,e;jj; Njhl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf xt;nthd;wpYk; 65 Njhl;lq;fs; nfhz;ljhf 21 kUj;Jt khtl;lq;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; ruhrupahf 15>000 njhopyhsu;fs; njhopy; Gupfpd;whu;fs;. Mjyhy; ve;jtpjj;jpy; ghu;j;jhYk; xU kUj;Jtuhy; 15>000 njhopyhsupd; Neha;fisf; ftdpf;f Kbahnjd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. Mjyhy; epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fs; Jiu khu;fisAk; mtu;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; khj;jpuk;jhd; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gJjhd; cz;ik. ,jd; fhuzkhf Neha;tha;g;gl;l 1000 njhopyhsu;fspy; 60 Ngu;fs; itj;jpaf; ftdpg;gpd;wp ,wf;f tplg;gLfpd;wdu;.

Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; uhkehjd; $wpaijg; NghyNt Mu;.gp. nlsNdhYk; jhd; Nrfupj;jpUe;j Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b nghJ Ntiyfs; jpizf;fsj;jpy; njhopy; Gupfpd;w njhopyhsu;fs; kj;jpapYk; ,wg;G tPjk; Nkw;gb 1000 NgUf;F 60 Ngu; vd;w tPjhrhuk; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wJ vd;W vLj;Jf; $wpdhu;. ,t;tpj tpthjq;fisj; njhlu;e;J $l;l Kbtpy; MSdu; Nyhq;ld; Nkw;gb rl;lk; njhlu;ghd jPu;khdj;ij mLj;j $l;lj; njhlUf;F xj;jpitj;jhu;. gpd;du; ,Wjpahf 10 khj jhkjj;Jf;Fg; gpd; 1880 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; Nkw;gb rl;lk; rptpy; kUj;Jt fl;lisr; rl;lk; vd;w ngaupy; ($l* ,bjpb^ M*QPbQpr;^ zpZ}QPbzr;zQp* Nzp17 zp* 1880)  MSdu; Nyhq;ld; mtu;fshy; rl;l rigapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; jhkjkhdJ njhlu;gpYk;> mjd; nraw;ghL njhlu;gpYk; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsu; nlsNdhy; tpsq;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.

vdpDk; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj mstpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; ,r; rl;lj;jpid vjpu;j;jdu;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; kPJk; Vd; Njhl;lj; njhspyhsu;fs; kPJk; kf;fs; kPJk; Gjpa tupr;Rikfs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. Kd;G Nfhg;gp gapuplg;gl;l epyg;gug;G mbg;gilapy; ,t;tsT Vf;fUf;F ,t;tsntd;W tup mwtplg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; xt;nthU E}W ,whj;jYf;Fk; 5 rjtPjk; mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J  Njapiy> nfhf;Nfh> rpq;Nfhdh vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,j;jifa tup mwptPL nghJthf Nfhg;gp tu;j;jfj;ij ghjpf;Fk; vd;W Jiukhu; rq;fk; thjpl;lNghJk; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; Rfhjhuk;> kUj;Jtj;Jiwfis xOq;fhfg; guhkupf;fNtz;Lkhapd; ,j;jifa epjp mtrpankd murhq;fk; njuptpj;jJ vd;wNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fSk;> Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j \hz;l; (Flr;zQP) mtu;fSk; Nkw;gb rl;lj;ij jk;khy; Kbe;j msT vjpu;f;fTk;> tpku;rpf;fTk; nra;jdu;. 1880 brk;gu; 28 Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w $l;lk; xd;wpy; ciu epfo;j;Jk;NghJ \hz;lu; gpd;tUkhW njuptpj;jhu;. ,e;j ehl;L murq;fk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fSf;Fk; mNj tpjj;jpy; Njhl;lf; $ypfSf;Fk; ngupJk; flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;L jhgdq;fSk; ,e;j ehl;Lf;F tuhky; tpl;bUe;jhy; ,e;j ehL ,d;W xU nghUshjhu nropg;Gk;> mgptpUj;jp kpf;f ehlhf xUNghJk; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ. ntWkNd xU ,uz;lhe;ju ,uhZt kw;Wk; flw;gilj;jskhf khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

mjd; gpd; rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; ehl;by; nghJthf tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j tUlhe;j jiyf;Fupa tupahd (mzzjr;^ fzp^^ $*J) &gh 1.50 rjj;ij Njhl;lj;jpd; njhopyhsuplk; mwtpLtjpy;iy vd tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;lNghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; mtu; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jhu;. ,e;j tup tpjpg;ghy; ehl;by; ngUe;njUf;fs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. ,e;j ehl;il nghWj;jtiu Njhl;lf; $ypfs; ,jid tpl kpf mjpfkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; fPo;f;fiuapy; ,Ue;J ,yq;if kj;jpa kiyehl;bd; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fis mila ,ij tpl epiwaNt gzk; nrytopj;Js;shu;fs;. mtu;fs; tlf;Fg; ghijA+lhf fhy; eilahf Njhl;lq;fis mila MW ehl;fis nrytopf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fshy; Nkw;gb & 1.50 rjj;ij nrYj;j KbahJNghd NghJ 6 ehl;fs; ngUe;njUf;fspy; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lnkd jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j tpjj;jpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ me;j ehl;L rpq;fs kf;fis tpl ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F mjpfk; ciog;gtu;fs; mtu;fs;jhd;. Mjyhy; Vida gpui[fs; Nghy; jkf;Fr; rk cupik toq;Fk;gb  Nfl;f mtu;fSf;F  vy;yhtpjj;jpYk; cupik ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,J njhlu;gpy; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; gyUk; gytpjf; fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;jdu;. Mu;j;ju; aq; (mZ}tlj*Z} *zpjzQ;) vd;gtu; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;ifapy;> uhkrhkpfs; khj;jpuk; ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; jhd; ,d;dKk; nlkNuuhtpy; jhd; ,Ue;jpUg;Ngd; vd;Wk; jdf;F tUlhe;jk; &gh 80>000 ngw;Wj; jUk; ,e;jj; njhopy; fpilj;jpUf;fhnjd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

(njhlUk;).


ngUe;Njhl;l  tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J 75

,uh. rlNfhgd;


vk; jiykPJ mku;e;jpUf;f
ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;.


MSdu; Nru;.N[k;]; Nyhq;ld; fhyj;jpy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsuhf fpk;gu;yp gpuG gjtp tfpj;jhu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtuhYk;  Njhl;l Jiukhu; r%fj;Jld; RKfkhd cwTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rptpy; kUj;Jt rl;lk; %d;W Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;L Gjpa rl;lq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. Kjypy; 1880Mk; Mz;bd; 17 Mk;  ,yf;fr;  rl;l jpUj;jj;jpd; NghJ Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;j $ypj; njhopyhsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jiyf;F ,t;tsntd tup mwtplg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1881 Mk; Mz;bd; 18 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd; ,r; rl;lk; NkYk; jpUj;jg;gl;L 1882 Mk; Mz;bd; 9 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lk; 1882 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 1 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; mKYf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

,t;tpjk; rl;lq;fs; xt;nthU Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu; mjid vjpu;j;jJld; ,J jhk; rk;ge;jg;glhj tplak; Nghy; xJq;fpapUe;jdu;. Njhl;lj;Jiukhupd; tpku;rdk; njhlu;gpy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsu; fpk;gu;yp gpuG gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

cz;ikapy; ,e;j rl;ljpl;lq;fSk;> rYiffSk; ,e;j ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfTk;> Jiukhupd; ed;ikf;fhfTk; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ,e;j jpkpu; gpbj;j Mq;fpy ehl;L nts;isf;fhuu;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy;iy. mtu;fs; ehl;bd; rl;lq;fSf;F fl;Lg;glhky; mjpy; ,Ue;J jg;Gk; topfisNa  NjLfpd;whu;fs; vd;W $wpdhu;.  vdpDk; njhlu;e;Jk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; jhk; epidj;jijNa nra;jhu;fs;.

1881 ngg;utup khjk; ele;j Jiukhu; rq;fj;jpd; $l;lnkhd;wpy; gpd;tUkhW fUj;J gupkhwg;gl;lJ. ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epiyik kpfTk; Jujp\;lfukhdJ. vkf;F cjtp nra;a Ntz;ba murhq;fk; fLikahd rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;L te;J vk;ik mlf;fp xLf;fg; ghu;f;fpd;wJ. Nfhg;gpg; nghUshjhuNk ,e;j ehl;bd; KJnfYk;G vd;gjid mtu;fs; Vw;f kWf;fpd;whu;fs;. re;ju;g;gq;fis vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;J vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;  vk;ik fPNo tPo;j;jp vk; jiy kPJ mku;e;jpUf;fg; ghu;fpd;whu;fs;.

,Wjpahff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;gb Njhl;lq;fs; nfhj;jzpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L xU nfhj;jzp khtl;lj;Jf;F kj;jpa kUj;Jtkid xd;Wk;> mjd; fPo; rpW itj;jparhiyfSk; (<bz;zP*zz;r;Z}b*z;)  epWTtjw;F Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa  kUj;Jt kidfSf;Fk;> rpW itj;jparhiyfSf;Fk; kUj;Jtu;fis gzpf;Fr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ mtu;fSf;Fj; jkpo; njupe;jpUg;gJ Kd;Dupikahf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thz;L Kjw; jlitahf fl;bl rig $l;lg;gl;l NghJ mjpy; mq;Fuhu;g;gz ciu epfo;j;jpa Ms;gjp Nyhq;ld; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,dpNky; ,yq;ifapd; kUj;Jt Nritf;F kUj;Jtu;fis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;SWk; NghJ mtu;fs; ,yq;if kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapd; gl;ljhupfspy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;glTs;sdu;. mtu;fs; jkpo; nkhopia  njupe;J itj;jpUg;gJld; Njhl;l njhopyhsu;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Njitfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gtw;iwAk; Gupe;J itj;jpUg;gtu;fshf cs;sdu;. vJ vg;gb ,Ue;jNghJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; kUj;Jtr; nryTf;nfd jk;kplk; tup mwtplf;$lhnjdTk;  mjid murhq;fNk nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;LnkdTk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; nghJ tUkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J mjw;F epjp xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtu;fspd; fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
vdpDk; ,jid murhq;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; Gs;sp tpguj;ij jdJ thjj;Jf;F Mjhukhff; fhl;baJ. mjd; gpufhuk; Nkw;gb kUj;Jtr; rl;lj;jpid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F nrythFk; nkhj;jj; njhif & 1>34>02 MFk;. Mdhy; Njhl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J tR+ypf;fg;gLk; tupg;gzk; nkhj;jk; &gh 30>021 kl;LNk vd  urPJfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,jd;gb murhq;fj;Jf;F Vw;gLk; el;lk; 1>04>010 &ghthFk;. ,j;njhifia nghJ tUkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj xJf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,Nj rkak; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s 7 itj;jparhiyfspYk; rpfpr;ir ngWk; Njhl;lf; $ypj;njhopyhsupd; vz;zpf;if 1>161 MFk;. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsiuj; jtpu rpfpr;ir  ngWk; Vidatu;fspd; njhif 294 MFk;.

,jd;gb Nkw;gb itj;jparhiyfspy; Ie;jpy; ehd;F klq;fpdu; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fNs rpfpr;ir ngWfpd;wdu;. Mjyhy; ntWkNd murhq;fj;ij tpku;rpg;gjpy; ve;jtpjkhd gpuNahrdKk; ,y;iy.

,t;tpjk; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fspdJk;> ,e;jpa $ypj;njhopysu;fspdJk; tuyhW 1890 Mk; Mz;L fhy fl;lq;fis mile;jpUe;j epiyapy; mg;NghJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;j MSdu; Nru; Mu;j;ju; n`kpy;ld; Nfhu;ld; (FbZ} mZ}tljZ} V*l;b^tzpz vzpZ}QPzpz> 18831890 ) ehl;bd; kUj;Jt Nrit njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; fUj;ij rl;l rigapy; Kd; itj;jhu;. Vw;fdNt gy;NtW rl;l Vw;ghLfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j NghJk; vJTNk jpUg;jpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. NghJkhd Nkw;ghu;it> gupNrhjid ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.  rl;lj;ij kPWgtu;fs; jz;bf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mjypdhy; Njhl;lq;fSf;nfd tpNrl rl;lk; ,y;yhky; ehl;Lf;nfd tpNrl rl;lk; ,y;yhky; ehl;Lf;nfd nghJthd kUj;Jt rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;glNtz;Lk;.

mLj;j thuk; Kw;Wg; ngWk;!
md;G neQ;rq;fNs fle;j 75 thuq;fshf ,e; ePz;l neLk;  tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liuj; njhlupid nghWikAld; thrpj;jikf;F ed;wpfs;. vkJ %jhijaupd; tuyhW Mgpupf;f fWg;gpd mbik kf;fspd; tuyhw;Wf;F ,uz;lhdjy;y. Mdhy; mtu;fs; Kd;Ndwp ,d;W cyfpd; xU kpfg; ngupa ty;yuRf;F jiyik jhq;Fk; msTf;F te;J tpl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; ehk; tpl;nlwpAk;  vYk;Gj; Jz;Lfis eRf;Fgtu;fshfNt ,g;NghJk; cs;Nshk;.

cq;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpku;rdq;fisAk; mwpaj; jhUq;fs;

,uh. rlNfhgd;.


ngUe;Njhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J (76)

KbTiu

kiyaf ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kf;fspd; ,yq;if tUif kd;du; fhyk; Kjy; tuyhw;Wf;fhy nkq;Fk; tputpf; fplf;fpd;wNghJk; Nfhg;gpj; Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;nfd ,yl;rf;fzf;fhf kf;fs; ,q;F te;J xU ghupa kf;fs; ,df; $l;lkhf cUthdikapd; Kf;fpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzkhf Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r; nra;ifiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r; nra;if 1823 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpj;J 1890 fis mz;ba gFjpAld;  n`kpypahnt];lh upf;fh vd;w (V*l;b^br; q**tr;Z}bQpr;) vd;w gq;f]; Nehapdhy; (mopf;Fk; Neha; fZ}*QPr;tzpZ} <bz;*r;z;) Kw;wpYk; mope;J NghdJ. mjd; gpd;dNu Njapiyg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; rfhg;jk; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.
me;j tifapy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Rkhu; 70 Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Nfhg;gp vd;w fUq;nfhl;il Nguhrhid NfhNyhr;rpapUe;jJ. ,f;fhyk; KOtJk; Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fs; njhopyhspfisf; $yp vd;w nfhr;irahd thu;j;ij nfhz;Lk;. fUg;gd;fSk; uhkrhkpfSk; vd;Wk; fPo;j;jukhfNt mbikfs; Nghy; elj;jpdu;. jk;nrhe;j kz;iztpl;L me;epa J}uNjrnkhd;Wf;F gQ;rk; gpiof;f te;j ,tu;fNsh nts;isf; fhud; vd;Wk; vrkhd; vd;Wk; thoitf;Fk; nja;tk; vd;Wk; ruzile;J "rhkpnjhu vd;W gl;lk; nfhLj;J mtu;fs; fhy;fspy; tpOe;J fple;jdu;. ,e;j tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; KOtJk; ,tu;fs; jkf;F vjpuhd mlf;F Kiwia vjpu;j;jjhfNth> Vd; Jiuia epkpu;e;J VnuLj;Jg; ghu;j;jjhfNth gjpTfs; ,y;iy. mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; md;W xt;nthU Njhl;lKk; Jiu vd;w ,uhZt mjpfhupiaj; jiyikahff; nfhz;L ngupa fq;fhzpfs;> Vida fq;fhzpfs;> Njhl;lr; Nritahsu;fisf; nfhz;l kpFe;j fl;Lf;Nfhg;G kpf;f nfLgpbfSld; mlf;fp xLf;fp njhopyhsiu  itj;jpUe;jjhFk;.

Njhl;lj;njhopyhspia jd; tho; ehs; KOtJk; fld; ngw;w nfhj;jbikfshfNt itj;jpUe;jdu;. fld; mLj;jLj;j guk;giuf;Fk; nrd;wJ. mjdhy; ,e;j mbik kf;fs; ,yl;rk; ,yl;rkhf ,e;j kz;zpy; ,uj;jKk; Ntu;itAk; rpe;jp cioj;J kz;izf;  nropj;J nfhopf;fr; nra;jNghJk; mtu;fspd; kuzq;fSk; mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fSk; gjpag;glhkYk; kuz mj;jhl;rpg;gj;jpuk; ,y;yhkYk; Nfhg;gpr; nrbf;fbapy; kiwe;J kz;zhfpg; Ngha; tpl;ld.

,e;j tuyhw;Wg; gjptpd; ,Wjp mj;jpahaq;fis gbj;jtu;fs; vj;jid Mapuk; yl;rk;Ngu; ,we;njhope;jhu;fs; vd;w fzf;Ff; fhl;liy Gs;sptpguq;fis juTfisf; fz;Zw;wpUg;gPu;fs; ,t;tsT Ngu; jk; ,d;Dapiu ,e;j ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf mu;g;gzpj;jpUe;jNghJk; ,e;j ehL vq;fhtJ xU Xuj;jpy; xU %isapy; "ed;wp' vd;w ,e;j Kd;nwOj;ij epidT $u;e;jpUf;ff; $Lkh? cynfq;Fk; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwg; ghu;j;Njhkhdhy; mj;jifa vy;yh tuyhw;WfSNk ed;wp nfl;l tuyhw;whfj;jhd; ,q;Fs;sJ.
tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; I.vr;.tz;ld; biurd; (V.I.qr;zQP*z <Z}bz;z;*z) $w;wpd;gb> Nfhg;gpf;fhyk; Kbtile;jNghJ ,yq;ifapy; trpj;j ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;fspd; rdj;njhif 200>000 Mf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk; ,J 1871 Mk; Mz;bd; rdj;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;igikakhff; nfhz;lnjd;Wk; mjd; gpd; 1871  1901 fhyj;jpy; ,tu;fspd; ,aw;if mjpfupg;Gld; Nru;j;J ,tu;fspd; njhif 489>459 Mf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk; ,jD}ld; Nru;j;J Gjpjhf Gyk; ngau;e;J te;jtu;fspd; njhifiaAk; $l;bdhy; ,tu;fspd; nkhj;j njhifiaAk; $l;bdhy; ,tu;fspd; nkhj;jj; njhif 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjyhz;by; (1901) 676> 106 vd;Wk; njupfpwJ. ,d;W Rkhu; 110 Mz;Lfspd; gpd; ekJ rdj;njhif cj;jpNahf G+u;tkw;w Gs;sp tpguq;fspd; gb Rkhu; 15 ,yl;rkhFk;. ,e;jf;fhyk; Njapiyg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tuyhw;Wf; fhykhFk;.

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